Finite Element Analysis and its Role in Orthodontics- Juniper Publishers
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Finite
Element Analysis and its Role in Orthodontics
Authored by Anand Marya
Abstract
Finite element analysis has found increasing use
in the field of orthodontics due to its ability to deliver detailed yet
precise information regarding stress on load application. It divides the
object of study into a finite number of elements connected by a
meshwork thereby making each element an individual object of study. Over
the years, several studies have been done using the finite element
method and there is a lot of scope for this experimental method to be
used in future as well.
Keywords: Finite element analysis; Orthodontics; Periodontal; Stress and strain; Solid mechanicsIntroduction
The study of craniofacial orthodontics requires the
precise understanding of the stress and strain induced by orthodontic
forces in the periodontium [1]. The periodontium comprises of the
alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament fibers as well as the root
surface of the teeth. The tooth movement is initiated by stress on the
periodontal ligament fibers which transmit these to the surrounding
areas. The applied force brings about resorption in the alveolar bone on
the tension areas and deposition of new bone on the pressure areas.
There are a variety of reactions that take place at a cellular level for
tooth movement to come about. There are processes such as cellular
signalling, coupling reactions as well as an effector response that
bring about the resorption and deposition of bone. This is how the teeth
are moved to their ideal positions in the dental arch by means of
orthodontic forces. But there are also mechanical considerations that
need to be made since there is a stress-strain relation as well as force
vectors involved. This is the reason why there needs to be a better
understanding of the forces involved and the effects they bring about
for which finite element analysis is becoming a very popular method.
Tooth movements, as well as a variety of methods such as distalization,
protraction, implant-based tooth movement and a variety of expansion
methods have been studied over the years using finite elements.
What are nanoparticles?
British Standards Institution defines nanoparticles
as those particles in which all the fields or diameters are in the
nanoscale range. Whereas, nanomaterials are those material for which at
least one side or internal structure is in the nanoscale [1]. An
engineered nanoparticle may be defined as any intentionally produced
particle that has a characteristic dimension from 1 to 100 nm and has
properties that are not shared by non-nanoscale particles with the same
chemical composition [2].
What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter,
measured in the billionths of a nanometer, roughly the size of two or
three atoms [3].
What is nano dentistry?
It is the science and technology of maintaining
near-perfect oral health through the use of nanomaterials including
tissue engineering and nanorobotics [4].
Discussion
Finite element analysis was initially developed in
the 1940’s to study structural defects in aircrafts and continued to be
used for that purpose for a long time. It was only in the year.
1972 when Yettram started using this tool for orthodontic purposes.
Over the years this method has undergone refinement
and the results obtained have become more precise. Using finite element
analysis, the orthodontic force applied can be simulated and the results
can be shown on a three dimensional model that can be fabricated using a
CT scan. This method has become popular since it is completely
non-invasive and very accurate because it is based on the mathematical
properties of the structures. One can derive a precise and detailed
description of the responses that the periodontal structures show in
response to stress application [1]. Middleton et al. [2] stated that the
data obtained from this analysis is more accurate than any of the other
experimental methods currently in use. It also allows for complete
control over the variables in use while studying a homologous sample [3]
(Figure 1).
Important Results Obtained using Finite Element Analysis
There are several studies that have already been
conducted in the past using Finite element analysis [3-5]. One of the
more important studies done using this method was by McGuinnesset al.
[4] who studied the forces brought about by edgewise
appliances. They concluded that there was more stress near the
cervical area of the tooth than at the root apex. Another study
was done by Kojima and Fukui [6] who studied whether the teeth
used for anchorage moved when a passive Trans-palatine bar
was used. They found out that there was almost minimal effect
when a mesializing force was applied. A very relevant result
was obtained by Tominaga et al. [7] when they studied en-mass
retraction using finite element method. They concluded that for
controlled retraction of the anterior, the ideal position to place
the hook is distal to the lateral incisor and mesial to the canine.
Conclusion
Finite element analysis has proved to be a very valuable aid in
the field of orthodontics and craniofacial orthopaedics so far as it
has helped determine the precise forces that need to be applied
in order to get physiological tooth movement. One of the major
advantages of this method is that it is completely non-invasive
yet very accurate. It has shown to be very detailed in terms of
results yet sound knowledge of the software giving these results
is required which can be a deterrent when proper digital aids
are not available. Another shortcoming is the unavailability of
accurate mathematical properties for each tooth and bone in
various areas, which though not affecting the results too much
could make the result better if present. Like any method this
also needs improvement to make it more helpful in the field of
orthodontics, among others.
Acknowledgment
This project is supported by the National Research Council
of the Philippines.
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